pure titanium yield strength

• Grade 2 (UNS R50400 / 3.7035) :Commercially pure titanium and the most common grade for screws. This composite also shows tensile crack growth rates which are considerably faster than for pure titanium (by a factor 2) or Ti-15W (by a factor 2-6) and a fracture toughness which remains relatively high as compared to Ti-15W (21 vs. 34 MPa sqrt(m)). The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior. The tensile and yield strength of titanium generally increases with the grade number. Return to Homepage SAE International WebsiteSAE MobilityRxivSAE MobilusSAE OnQueSAE StandardsWorks About Contact Legal & Policies This information is not guaranteed, you should be advised to consult with an engineer. 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116627 Licence: CC BY. The study reported considerably higher tensile and yield strength of Ti6Al7Nb alloy compared to Ti6Al4Vand Ti6Al4V ELI . With a density of 4.51 g /cm3, titanium has on of the the highest strength-to-weight ratios available to industry. In addition, the tensile test was carried out with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min in atmosphere environment, and the yield stress of P-Ti at a temperature . Titanium Grade 2 is unalloyed and generally known as CP (Commercially Pure). produced foams exhibiting a bimodal pore distribution with porosities ranging from 55 to 75%, Young's . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This dissertation is the result of work with immense support from many people and it is a pleasure now . Methods. This specialized alloy is also known as . The most widely used alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, reaches yield strength almost double the yield strength of commercially pure titanium [7]. Yield strengths and other specifications are intended only as a basis for comparison. 7. It provides moderate strength (typical yield strength 352 MPa) combined with good ductility and formability and excellent weldability. Pure Ti achieved an ultimate tensile strength of almost 2 gigapascals and a true failure strain close to 100% at 77 kelvin. Lightweight Strength Not only are titanium grade 5 fasteners extremely strong, offering 148 ksi UTS and 138ksi yield they are also incredibly light. Similar to many other metals, the strength of CP titanium with a coarse grained (or lamellar) structure and an oxygen content lower than 0.3 wt% is not very high, with its yield strength typically being in the range of 200-400 MPa depending on the grain size (or lamellar thickness) and oxygen content [ 2, 3 ]. Pure Nickel. It has good formability and weldability. Pure titanium and titanium-based alloys represent an outstanding and unique role in various fields of automotive, aerospace, chemical, medical, and electronics applications due to their distinguished properties such as high strength at low density (great specific strength), lightweight (nearly 58 pct of the steel density), suitable corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, non-toxic . Another commonly employed space-holder for titanium foams is urea, which yielded porosities from 20 to 75%. Titanium zirconium alloys with 13%-17% zirconium (TiZr1317) have better mechanical attributes, such as increased elongation and the fatigue strength, than pure titanium. Special properties Commercially pure titanium grades feature an excellent strength-to-density ratio and good corrosion resistance. The yield strength of high-purity titanium is within the range of 170-480 MPa, which is too low for heavily loaded aerostructures. Commercially Pure Grade 1 is one of the softest and most ductile grades exhibiting the greatest formability. K-Ni . High strength: Tensile strength of 275-735MPa in commercially pure titanium and of 620-1800MPa in titanium alloys: Excellent in elasticity: Modulus of longitudinal elasticity (Young's modulus) equivalent to approximately 50% of stainless steel: Golf club heads, springs: Excellent in low temperature tenacity : Both commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys do not become brittle at . Kato has stated that Titanium (Ti/Ti) rods and titanium and stainless steel (Ti/SS) rods has been joined by diffusion welding under phase transformation in an air atmosphere [9]. The purpose of this work was to compare the properties of a modiﬁed cp Ti grade 4 (Ti G4 Hard) with those of available cp Tiand G5 alloys. Commonly referred to as Ti-6AL-4V (or Ti 6-4), this designation refers to its chemical composition of almost 90% titanium, 6% aluminum, 4% vanadium, 0.25% (max) iron and 0.2% (max) oxygen. The titanium material refers to commercially pure (unalloyed) titanium or titanium alloys used for structural purpose. , ferrous and titanium alloys. K t (stress concentration factor) = 2.7: Fatigue Strength: 290 MPa: 42100 psi at 100,000 cycles; K t (stress concentration factor) = 2.7: Fatigue . Yield Strength Yield strength of commercially Pure Titanium is about 380 MPa. Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al has the highest yield strength of all titanium's alloys at 1260 MPa. CP-3 (40 KSI-YS) CP-4 (30 KSI-YS) MIL-STD-129 : Marking for Shipment and Storage : MIL-STD-163: Steel Mill Products Preparation . Yield strength of Ti-6Al-4V - Grade 5 titanium alloy is about 1100 MPa. Corrosion-fatigue strength test was carried out through a universal testing machine with a load 30% lower than the 0.2% offset yield strength and a combined influence of different environments: in air at room temperature, with synthetic saliva, and with fluoride . 7, is HCP, however, it becomes so close to BCC when the applied load is increased to the ultimate . The excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility coupled with good strengths make titanium and its alloys useful in chemical and petrochemical applications, marine envi-ronments, and biomaterials applications. Grade 1 titanium has a density of 4.51 g/cc - less than 60% that of steel. There are 31 material properties with values for both materials. It is appropriate for use in evaporators and condensers as well as desalination plants . The combination of high strength, stiffness, good toughness, low . Ultra-Corrosion-Resistant Grade 2 Titanium Rods. To increase Commercially pure titanium (> 99% Ti) is a low-to-moderate strength metal that is not well suited for aircraft structures or engines. Several loading conditions, with load ratio ranging from 4:0 to 0:4 and displacement rate ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 mm/s, are examined. Titanium Aluminide. measurements.18,20)They found that both yield strength (ﾂｷ YS) and ultimate tensile strength (ﾂｷ UTS) decrease, while ductility increases with increasing fractal dimension under different heat treatment conditions. Its superiority in characteristics such as lightweight, specific strength, high corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and non-magnetic as well as high recycle index. It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.. Titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. Grade 2 Unalloyed Ti ("Pure") 50A alloy is the most commonly used and widely available grade of unalloyed titanium. Commercially pure titanium grades feature an excellent strength-to-density ratio and good corrosion resistance. The aim of the present work is to contribute to the characterization of the biaxial tensile behavior of commercially pure titanium, under various in-plane loading conditions at room temperature, by a non-contact digital image correlation system. Tensile strength of 980 Mpa; Titanium alloys can have yield strength up to 1200 Mpa; 6 on the Mohs hardness scale; Titanium is the only element that will burn in pure nitrogen gas, no oxygen required. It combines excellent corrosion resistance with good formability and weldability. Generally chosen for its corrosion resistance in a variety of . Fulltext Final published version, 5.17 MB Licence: CC BY. The effect of halide fluxes (NaCl and CaCl2) and welding parameters on welding of Ti-6Al-4V was . . Tungsten is a greyish-white lustrous metal, which is a solid at room temperature. pure titanium has become the material of choice for den-tal applications. Urea. This alloy has been approved for sour service use under the NACE MR-01-75 Standard. This specification covers one grade of commercially pure titanium in the form of welded tubing. and the yield stress of pure titanium (Ti) and pure copper (Cu) base metals. Flexible: Titanium's modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion match . This tubing has been used typically for parts, such as low-pressure fluid-conducting lines and conduits, requiring strength up to 400 °F (204 °C) and oxidation resistance up to 600 °F (316 . Yield Strength Yield strength of commercially pure titanium - Grade 2 is about 300 MPa. It has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of applications. Titanium Grade 1 is an unalloyed, low strength titanium product containing low oxygen with high formability; this titanium grade is used in airframes, heat exchangers and desalination units. Embargoed Document; Fulltext. Both Ti64 and Ti64ELI are well-known light alloys characterized by excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance combined with low specific weight and biocompatibility. Because of the superior corrosion resistance, high specific strength, good weldability, and biocompatibility, commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) is now being widely used in various industrial . Wen et al. It is therefore usually alloyed to produce stronger variations. Specimens were also tested in air at room temperature to evaluate the effectiveness of the corrosion-fatigue . The tensile and yield strength of titanium generally increases with the grade number. Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to . Materials 2018, 11, 2261 2 of 11 can enhance the yield strength further up to 1 GPa for CP-Ti [17,18]. Accepted author manuscript, 2.52 MB. The yield strength is defined as the stress at which a predetermined amount of permanent deformation occurs. AISI 316 stainless steel belongs to the iron alloys classification, while grade 5 titanium belongs to the titanium alloys. The following sections will discuss in detail about grade 2 Unalloyed Ti ("Pure") 50A alloy. Yield Strength: 40, 000 psi. thick. dense) yet has a yield strength twice that of stainless steel and ultimate tensile strength almost 25% higher. Technical Data Sheet Titanium Grades 1-4 are unalloyed and generally known as CP (Commercially Pure). The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior. This means the . Generally, high strength values are desired, namely for dental implants, but Ti Grade 5 con- tains potentially cytotoxic elements, such as aluminium and vanadium. The name came from medieval German smelters who found that tin ores containing tungsten had a much lower yield. Due to Titanium's weight, strength and high corrosion resistance it is very . However, the low ductility of these bulk UFG Ti samples prevents them from being used in . CP-Ti = commercially pure titanium; E = elastic modulus; UTS = ultimate ten-sile strength; YS = yield strength. In the same context and same comparison, the pure titanium at yield point Cry-Stru-Ti, in Fig. The invention discloses a kind of preparation methods of heterogeneous pure titanium of stratiform construction industry, belong to industrially pure titanium manufacturing field.This method will carry out homogenizing annealing first with a thickness of the industrially pure titanium of 10~15mm and handle to obtain the uniform formation that average grain size is 70 μm；Then the cold . COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM WITH EFFECT OF LASER SURFACE TREATMENT - AN IN VITRO STUDY Dissertation Submitted to THE TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. gauge section of sheet 0.64 mm (0.025 in.) Purity is 99.7% or higher. Details are given in Table 4. The higher the oxygen and iron content, the higher the strength. Use in Industry. Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Enhanced strength in pure Ti via design of alternating coarse- and fine . YIELD STRESS DEFORMATION OF COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES F. Hauner, U. Zwicker, Lehrstuhl Werkstoffwissenschaft (Metalle), Institut flir Werkstoffwissenschaften, Universitat Erlangen-Nlirnberg, FRG Introduction The yield point of titanium of commercial purity is influen ced by the grain size,by the amount of impurities, by the strain rate and by the testing . The applications are mainly used in Marine, Automotive and Medical. Yield strength, Ultimate tensile Elongation, Reduction of MP a strength, MPa % area,% Hardness, HV AS1MGrade2 275 345 20 35 160-200 ' GOSTVT l-0* 373 25 45 * In accordance with GOST 22178-76 The main difference between commercially pure AS1M and GOST is the aluminium content. We treat titanium, titanium alloy and shape-memory alloy. pure titanium and some titanium alloys gener-ally are biologically compatible with human tissues and bones. . This value is the maximum stress which can be applied over an infinite number of cycles. Pure titanium has a low yield strength of around 275 to 580 Mpa. Commercially pure titanium Ti-6Al-4V High strength titanium alloy Susceptible titanium materials High strength titanium alloy High strength titanium alloy Commercially pure titanium Erosion Naval brass Aluminum brass 90/10 cupronickel Aluminum bronze Commercially pure titanium Sand content in seawater (g/l) Tin bronze(G&M) Oxidizing Non . The tensile strength of titanium and its alloys at ambient temperature ranges from 240 MPa for the softest grade of commercially pure titanium to more than 1400 MPa for very high strength alloys. To explain the intrinsic mechanism of the yield plateau phenomenon in commercially pure titanium, the tensile behaviors of commercially pure titanium specimens after 91.6% cryorolling and subsequent annealing at 280 °C, 335 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C have been studied. The average yield strength of commercially pure titanium is approximately 480 MPa. Mainly used as electrode material. Commercially pure Titanium is classified into Grades 1 through 4 depending on yield strength and allowable levels of iron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Grade 2 titanium has a density of 4.51 g/cc - less than 60% that of steel. This is illustrated by the blue line in Figure 1 below. CP (Commercially Pure) Grade 1 is unalloyed titanium providing optimum ductility and cold formability combined with useful mechanical strength (typical yield strength 221 MPa). AMS4901: Titanium Sheet, Strip, and Plate, Commercially Pure Annealed, 70.0 ksi (485 MPa) - SAE International This specification covers one grade of commercially-pure titanium in the form of sheet, strip, and plate. An improvement in fatigue strength was observed, as the polycrystal grain size was refined. The interior of the wires had higher hardness than the surface. Licence: CC BY-NC-ND. Titanium Grade 4 and the titanium alloy had ultimate strengths in ex- cess of 1000 MPa and 1400 MPa, respectively. This gives it the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any metal suited to medical use. 3.] Mainly used in hydraulic and instrumentation tubing. TABLE I - Tensile properties of the main metallic biomaterials Materials Tensile properties* Applications Elastic modulus (GPa) Yield strength (MPa) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) CardiovascularOrthopedic DentistryCraniofacial Stainless steel 316L 193 190 490 CoNiCrMo 232 241 793 . Source: www.matweb.com Titanium Tubing, Welded 40 ksi (276 MPa) Yield Strength. A final porosity of 70% equated to a yield strength of 38 MPa for normal orientation of pores and 59 MPa when pores were aligned with the direction of compression. Titanium has excellent ductility and tensile strength. Fully reversed bending fatigue tests were performed on polished hour-glass specimens of commercially pure titanium grade 1 with three different grain sizes, that were produced by severe plastic deformation (rotary swaging) and subheat treatments, in order to examine the effect of grain size on fatigue. Titanium Grade 2 or Titanium CP3 is a commercially pure alpha (α) alloy. 2000 . Yield strength; Dislocation; Titanium; Access to Document. Chemical Composition (Weight %) Commercially Pure Titanium (CP) CODE: Yield Strength (min. This makes them suitable for the manufacture of components in weight-saving structures with reduced mass forces, and also for components requiring high corrosion resistance. The yield strengths of CP grades (Table 1) vary from less than 170 to more than 480 MPa (25 to 70 ksi) as a result of variation in the interstitial, grain size, and impurity levels. Applications . Because Grade 2 titanium is 99% pure, it is more corrosion resistant than Grades 5 and 9 but not as strong. Ultimate tensile strengths vary from 50 MPa for an aluminum to as high as 3000 MPa for very high-strength steels. They are however strong and ductile in compression: Ti-15W/15TiC (wt.%) has a compressive yield strength exceeding 1200 MPa. Pure tungsten metal was first isolated by two Spanish chemists, the de Elhujar brothers in 1783. The results show that the yield plateau phenomenon is a result of dislocation behaviors controlled by grain size and thus only . Yield strength of commercially pure titanium - Grade 2 is about 300 MPa. reveal that the joint mechanical tensile strength can reach more than 92 % of the parent aluminium alloy strength. Table 4. This makes them suitable for the manufacture of components in weight-saving structures with reduced mass forces, and also for components requiring high corrosion resistance. Titanium Grade 5 extensively used in Aerospace, Medical, Marine and Chemical Processing. CP Grade 2 titanium is used in a wide range of . Yield strength of Ti-6Al-4V - Grade 5 titanium alloy is about 1100 MPa. CP Grade 1 titanium is a versatile material used in architectural components, oil & gas . Titanium is 30% stronger than Steel but nearly 50% lighter and although Aluminium is lighter, Titanium is stronger and has excellent strength retention. The fatigue limit for steel is typically 35 to 60% of the tensile strength of the material. Commercially Pure Titanium Alloy. The 0.2% offset yield strength (0.2% OYS, 0.2% proof stress, RP0. Precipitation hardening type alloy material made by adding small amounts of aluminum and titanium. 2, RP0,2) is defined as the amount of stress that will result in a plastic strain of 0.2%. Properties with values for just one material (6, in this case) are not shown. When subjected to stress, a material undergoes deformation, yield strength describes the maximum amount of stress required to elastically deform the material in a given loading arrangement like tension and compression. Commercially pure titanium is usually selected for its excellent corrosion resistance, especially in applications in which high strength is not required. It's minimum yield strength is between 240 and 241 MPa in commercially pure grade 1. • Grade 5 . The multiscale twin structures are thermally stable up to 873 kelvin, which is above the critical temperature for many applications in extreme environments. ksi) MIL-H-81200: Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium Alloys: CP-1 (70 KSI-YS) FED-STD-151: Metals, Test Methods: CP-2 (55 KSI-YS) MIL-STD-105: Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes. Ultimate tensile strengths vary from 50 MPa for an aluminum to as high as 3000 MPa for very high-strength steels. If a higher strength of the implant is necessary, for example, in hip prosthesis, titanium alloys have to be used. Titanium, Grade 1. Original language . Commercially Pure Titanium Alloy. Pure titanium has a low yield strength of around 275 to 580 Mpa. Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 4 is the highest strength pure unalloyed Titanium with high oxygen and extra high strength. Material Data Sheet for CP Titanium Grade 1. This titanium grade is primarily used in airframe and aircraft engine parts. In addition, its density is similar to bone, enabling superior x-ray, MRI and computed tomography images. Unalloyed, commercially pure titanium has a tensile strength ranging from 275 to 590 MPa, and this strength is controlled primarily through oxygen content and iron content. It is non-magnetic. Commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti G5) alloy have limitations for biomedical application, due to lower mechanical strength and the possibility of ion release, respectively. Commercially pure grade 1 titanium has a Rockwell B Hardness of 70 - 74 and a fracture toughness of 66 MPa-m½. PROPERTIES OF PURE ELEMENTAL TITANIUM AT ROOM TEMPERATURE ATOMIC NUMBER BOILING POINT ˚C MELTING POINT ˚C DENSITY ATOMIC WEIGHT OXIDATION STATES SYMBOL ELECTRON CONFIGURATION 3289 1670 4.51 (Ar)3d24s2 Titanium hcp Crystal Structure Lattice Parameters c=0.468 nm a=0.295 nm Atomic Volume 10.64 cm 3/mol Covalent Radius 1.32Å Color Dark Grey Hardness 70 to 74 BHN Coefficient of Thermal . In saltwater, Grade 2 is fully resistant to corrosion at temperatures up to 600 F, rendering it ideal for a variety of marine uses. Mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium and its alloys. Yet, it offers poorer mechanical proper-ties than Ti Grade 5. 99Ni(mass%) Nickel base corrosion-resistant alloy that excels in extensive corrosive environments. Tungsten has the highest melting point . Titanium, a metal which provides us with a lot of opportunities to talk about our dreams for a variety of our future lives. Straumann developed Roxolid that fulfills requirements of dental implantologists and is 50% stronger than pure titanium. CP (Commercially Pure) Grade 2 is the most frequently employed unalloyed titanium grade. It is used for parts that require a high level of strength such as bolts and springs. Chemical Composition Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Applications Airframe Skin Heat Exchangers Cryogenic Vessels Fatigue strength. For each property being compared, the top bar is AISI 316 stainless steel and the bottom bar is grade 5 titanium. The fatigue of titanium refers to the lowering of strength or failure of a titanium material due to repetitive/ cyclic stress which may be above or below the yield strength. For example, Titanium grade 2 is virtually immune to wet chlorine at 10°C - 80°C (0-0.02 mpy or 0.001 mm/y) and thus, used to make chlorine dioxide mixers, pipework and fasteners in modern . In this case, the ultimate tensile strength of Ti and Cu base metals was 397 and 270 MPa, and the 0.2% yield strength of those was 362 and 262 MPa, respectively. The hardness profile in the transverse direction was measured and discussed. The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior. Hardness: Rockwell B65 (Medium) Temper Rating: Softened (Annealed) Specifications Met: ASTM B348. Hilders et al.21)reported that the fractal dimension decreases as the dimple size of the tensile Ti6Al4V is significantly stronger than other commercially pure titanium whilst still retaining the same stiffness and thermal properties (excluding thermal conductivity). Purpose: This study evaluated and compared surface roughness of cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy submitted to conventional or electrolytic polishing, correlating the results with corrosion-fatigue strength testing performed in artificial fluoridated saliva. A-Ni : High-purity nickel. Corrosion-fatigue life of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys in different storage environments J Prosthet Dent. In addition, thermal stresses in titanium structures are lower than in other metallic materials, due to the . It has an excellent strength-to-weight ratio, providing the same amount of strength as steel at 40% its weight, and is resistant to corrosion thanks to a thin layer of oxide formed on its surface in the presence of air or water. Bars, discs anddental implants made with Ti G2, G4 . Commercial Use . Although not as strong as Ti 6Al-4V, Titanium grade 2 has outstanding corrosion resistance against variety of aggressive media. CP Ti Grade 1 CP Ti Grade 2 0.2% offset yield strength, MPa (ksi) 170 (25) 275 (40) Ultimate tensile strength, MPa (ksi) 240 (35) 345 (50) Elongation,apercent 24 20 Bar reduction in area, percent 30 30 a2-in. Grade 5 Titanium is one of the most popular alloys in the titanium industry and makes up almost half of the titanium used in the world. TABLE II.—TYPICAL CP Ti ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE TENSILE PROPERTIES [From Ref. Titanium Grade 5 . Grade 4 displays the highest strength of all the unalloyed CP grades. Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It was said that the tungsten devoured the tin "like a wolf". Proof strengths vary from around 170 to 1100 MPa according to grade and condition. Titanium is 30% stronger than Steel but nearly 50% lighter and although Aluminium is lighter, Titanium is stronger and has excellent strength retention. It has excellent strength, low modulus of elasticity, high corrosion . Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 3 is an unalloyed, high strength, titanium product providing excellent corrosion resistance and good weldability. The yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior. Technical Data Sheet Titanium Grade 5 (Ti6Al-4V) is the most commonly used alloy. Ultimate Bearing Strength: 695 MPa: 101000 psi : Bearing Yield Strength: 830 MPa: 120000 psi 2% permanent set: Poisson's Ratio: 0.37: 0.37 : Fatigue Strength: 250 MPa: 36300 psi at 1E+7 cycles. Embargo ends: 08/01/2023. In order to improve the mechanical prop-erties of pure titanium and bring them closer to those of . What is the 0.2 offset yield strength? Growth of osteoblasts, that are essential for osseointegration is not prevented by Titanium and Zirconium. TiCP is a commercially pure titanium alloy characterized by having a good strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and ductility. Yield Strength Yield strength of Ti-6Al-4V - Grade 5 titanium alloy is about 1100 MPa. AISI 316 (S31600 . MEDICAL UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment for the Degree of MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY BRANCH I PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN & BRIDGE APRIL 2013 . Was first isolated by two Spanish chemists, the higher the strength, oil amp... Cp grades ( mass % ) < a href= '' https: //www.dierk-raabe.com/titanium-alloys/mechanical-properties-of-titanium/ '' > titanium - 5... Values for both materials toughness of 66 MPa-m½ titanium structures are lower than in metallic. Stress-Strain curve that indicates the limit pure titanium yield strength elastic behavior and the beginning plastic behavior stiffness, good toughness low! & amp ; BRIDGE APRIL 2013 are examined made by adding small amounts of aluminum and titanium in addition its. ( commercially pure grade 1 < /a > pure Nickel extensively used in and. 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