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FACTORS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN TIGRAY REGION, NORTHERN ETHIOPIA by BIHON KASSA ABRHA Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject DEVELOPMENT STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF. ESTHER KIBUKA-SEBITOSI July 2015 Student Number: 4551-821-1 Physiological Parameters affecting crop yield. So, the rate of O2 production is exactly proportional to the rate of plant growth. effects on plant growth and development, depending on natural adaptation. Climate. However, information on physiological and metabolic processes of leaves and flowers of modern cotton cultivars under water-deficit . LESSON 1.3: PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION Lesson Summary This lesson tackles on the physiological processes affecting crop production. 2. The availability of water affects crop growth and development, and thus . The exact opposite to the biotic factor is the abiotic factor, referring to the non-living components of the environment. London, Plenum Press. Abundant water is essential to achieve high quality berries and high yields. Factor affecting crop production 1. Here we are going to discuss "Factors affecting Plant Growth: External Factors and Internal Factors".Growth is affected by several factors which may be External or Internal.These factors ultimately affect the activity of Protoplasm of the cell. The level of detail and structure in any model is determined primarily by its objectives. 2. CHAPTER. Why do overcrowded plants grow tall and spindly? Competition among tillers in winter wheat: consequences for growth and development of the crop. Therefore, strong winds could result in poor crop growth and yield. Some varieties of strawberries produced with water deficits have reduced leaf areas, poor root development and reduced berry Symptoms of black rot or black. Abiotic stresses adversely affect growth, productivity and trigger a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in . Theodore T. Kozlowski, Stephen G. Pallardy, in Physiology of Woody Plants (Second Edition), 1997 Complexity of Physiological Processes. Environmental factors that affect plant growth include light, temperature, water, humidity, and nutrition. Climatic elements as factors of crop growth, impact of changing environment on cropping pattern, plants as indicators of environments. • It influences distribution of crop plants and vegetation. development and validation, crop models are effective tools for relating crop growth, development and yield to actual climate data. The carbon and oxygen in CO2 are in fact major plant nutrients which are essential in plant growth and development including the production of reproductive and economic organs. There are four primary factors that affect plant growth: light, water, temperature and nutrients. Growth is also defined as a vital process which br ings about a permanent change in any plant or Soil is a major source of these nutrients to plants and soil fertility (or nutrient content) can therefore have a profound impact on crop production. Photosynthesis uses light. Cotton genotypes vary in drought tolerance, and the effects of drought stress on the anatomy and physiology of cotton leaves and roots have been reported. These four elements affect the plant's growth hormones, making the plant grow more quickly or more slowly. Water: Water is an essential factor for plant growth. Phases of growth: 1. Effect of soil strength on the . Masle, J. Corn Growth & Development. It is the resultant of growth. Later, another compound abscisin-II was discovered and are commonly called as abscisic acid. The process of yield formation involves germination, growth, differentiation, development and senescence. Essential plant nutrients their role in crop growth. Wheat is a major cereal crop grown in various parts of the globe, which is affected severely by heat stress. Root growth. ), mountain ranges and bodies of water. Social Factors 4. A physiological process such as photosynthesis, respiration, or transpiration actually is an aggregation of chemical and physical processes. Light. Role of water in crop and crop production can be grouped as A) Physiological importance . Water use efficiency • Water use efficiency (WUE) is the measure of a cropping system's capacity to convert water into plant biomass or grain. Dormacy and Germination: The problem of seed dormancy in groundnut has two aspects. Corn is a grass and has a fibrous type root system, as compared to soybeans or Aging. There are two properties of the soil having pronounced direct effects on plant growth and crop production: physical and chemical properties. Growth and Development: A. The effects of weather and management practices on root growth and nutrient uptake. Diamondback moth and imported cabbage-. Weather has significant influence on every phase of agricultural activity from preparatory tillage to harvesting and storage. Yield decrease was about 7 - 8% in rice for each 1 o C increase in daytime maximum/nighttime minimum in . The environmental factors affecting crop yields can be classified into abiotic and biotic constraints. Development of new crop cultivars tolerant to HT is a major challenge for plant scientists [13,22].Depending upon the extremity and duration, and also depending upon the plant types and other environmental factors in the surroundings, plants show dynamic responses to HT, but identification and confirmation of the traits that confer tolerance to HT still remain elusive [23,24]. worm larvae can occasionally be found on plants at this stage. Growth and Development Growth and development of rice grown as an annual from seed begin with the germination of seed and ends with the formation of grain . At Present, heat shocks due to the rising atmospheric temperatures are becoming one of the major limiting factors to crop productivity around the globe. . At temperatures much below or above these limits growth decreases rapidly. In stress conditions, plants develop various stress mechanism to face the … The important factors affecting the growth of plants include: Temperature: Growth is accelerated with the increase in temperature. Like other crops, growth and development of medicinal plants are affected by environmental factors (Yang and Tian, 2004). Figure 1 Normal growth patterns. All physical process taking place in the soil, plant and environment are dependent on light. Do the largest plants produce the largest yield? The physiological parameters . Topography, soil and climate are the major physical factors affecting farming. Optimum temperatures for plant growth are dynamic since they change with the species and varieties, duration of exposure, age of the plant, stage of development etc. Sinha and Renu Kanna-Chopra (1999) have succinctly discussed crop improvement: interaction of physiology and genetics. during sensitive stages of the crop may adversely affect the growth and yield of rice. DELLA, a growth-repressing protein, inhibits a number of transcription factors required for elongation/growth and hence plant height. CROP PRODUCTION. Water is one of the most important factors for crop growth and productivity, and water-deficit stress affects morphological and physiological processes and yield development of plants worldwide (Chaves et al., 2009). The most important soil properties influencing . Plant growth regulators - growth hormones - definition and classification - physiological role of auxins and GA. growth of Rhizobia affecting nodule initiation and the nitrogen fixation process (Slattery et al. . Growth and Development of Horticultural Crops (HPH 101) 2(1+1) Growth and development -definitions, components, photosynthetic productivity, . Hinona Kabu turnips flowering in a 2015 seed crop at High Mowing's seed production greenhouse. This includes photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, translocation and partitioning of assimilates, mineral nutrition, growth and development plant movements and crop adaptation. Plant Physiology: Process # 5. How nutrients get to the root and the process of nutrient uptake. 15. Precipitation occurs as rainfall when the temperature is high and as snowfall when the temperature is low. Although, they obstruct productivity at all crop growth . A range of options is available, allowing us to select a suitable approach where an Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. • Crop water use efficiency: the efficiency with which an individual crop converts water transpired (or used) to grain. Growth is irreversible increase in size or weight. The development of stress tolerant crop varieties through genetic engineering and plant breeding is essential but a long drawn and expensive process, whereas microbial inoculation to alleviate stresses in plants could be a more cost effective environmental friendly option which could be available in a shorter time frame. 1984. On completion of this section, students should: understand the relationships between the physical environment and agriculture; develop practical and investigative skills; understand the structure and functions of plants; understand the stages of crop growth in relation to yield; produce vegetable crops efficiently and profitably; 3. 3. Growing conditions and management decisions at any stage can impact the crop's ultimate performance. plant growth regulation is the most important aspect of rice management. The temperature beyond the physiological optimum that disturbs the normal growth and development is c. Native wildlife. Water and Rainfall - Water promotes animal and plant life. Principles of field crop production. The yield of crop is built through several processes and functions. Abiotic stress is a primary threat to fulfill the demand of agricultural production to feed the world in coming decades. Growth is irreversible increase in size or weight. It was initially called dormant. 2. Previous studies showed that biological environment With a basic understanding of these factors, you may be able to manipulate plants to meet your needs, whether for increased leaf, flower, or fruit production. depending on time of planting. Actually, these factors are more intensified with global warming which leads to climate change. These, in turn, are dependent upon several climatic, edaphic, hydrological, physiological and management factors. Wheat growth and modelling, p. 33-54. The morphological parameters affected include germination, seedling establishment, source-sink activity, leaf area, shoot and root growth. To maximize the production of any crop, it is important to understand how these .environmental factors affect plant growth and development. Which of the following is not a major factor affecting soil development and its eventual productivity: a. In W. Day & R.K. Atkin, eds. The physiological development time necessary to complete a development stage in a particular genotype remains essentially constant under any temperature and . Masle, J. For optimum plant growth conditions, a desirable surface soil should have approximately _____% pore space for air and water. Factors Affecting Crop Production. Classification of Crops. The control of plant height and tillering in crop plants. Abiotic stress: Challenging Indian Agriculture • Agriculture production has undergone drastic changes in recent years and is being seriously limited by various abiotic stresses • More than 50% of agricultural production loss is due to abiotic stresses, their intensity and adverse impact are likely to amplify with The range of growth for most agricultural crops is between 15°C and 40°C. Plant Growth Inhibitors Abscisic acid. PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Increase in the size of living organisms is commonly called 'growth'. Various factors in the natural environment affect farming. Effect of Different Weather Parameters on Crop Growth and Development -II. Prevention or promotion of stem elongation. Crop stand establishment seed bed preparation and seeding methods. Soil conditions (physical or chemical) affect plant growth in many ways, such as through growth and expansion of roots (Passioura 1991). Crop production is concerned with the exploitation of plant morphological (or structural) and plant physiological (or functional) responses with a soil & atmospheric environment to produce a high yield per unit area of land. Light: Light intensity, duration of light and the quality of light influences many physiological processes occurring in a plant. Lag phase: Changing any of the four can cause the plant stress which stunts or changes growth, or improves growth. Development: Development is the phasic change of individual cells into tissues, organs and organisms. The physiological development time reflects the intrinsic attribute of basic development factors and reflects effect of temperature and illumination on the crop growth at the same time. a. It is a growth inhibitor, which was discovered in the 1960s. With the advent of high throughput sequencing and phenotyping, genomic-led breeding paved the way for identifying different stresses that are expected to adversely affect crop yield. Many Victorian soils are already at a pH where clover nodulation is reduced which has a significant impact on the productivity of pasture and subsequent crop systems that rely on the biological input of nitrogen. Understanding spring wheat growth and development is essential to achieving optimum productivity. development and validation, crop models are effective tools for relating crop growth, development and yield to actual climate data. Visible moisture stress symptoms on crop plants include wilting of leaves and reduction in leaf area, bud/flower formation, sink numbers and overall growth and yield [5,7]. In India most of the precipitation, except in Jammu and Kashmir . Moisture is always insufficient for crop growth and development in arid and semi-arid tropics areas, due to erratic and The GA-DELLA-TCP module (left) is an important regulator of plant height; a number of mutations that affect this module result in altered plant height. Distortion and killing of organs. Some soils are compacted and suppress growth of roots and . 35. c. 50. d. 75. change of physical environmental factors, and resulted from the synthesis of the factors, including climate, soil, biology, and topography (Tang et al., 2010). crop production (Troy et al., 2015). 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