bacterial blight of rice pdf

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop, feeding more than 50% of the world’s population. Bacterial blight (BB), a serious bacterial disease caused by pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is found worldwide and particularly destructive in Asia. The present study aimed to develop inocula, based on native antagonistic bacteria for biocontrol of BLB and to increase … oryzae (Xoo)limitsrice yieldin all major rice-growing regions of the world especially in irri-gated lowland and rainfed conditions. High-yielding varieties developed in the 1960s and 1970s at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and elsewhere benefited farmers and the public, ultimately increasing yields and reducing the cost of rice to consumers. present the bacterial blight is a major hurdle in stepping up rice yields through intensive cultivation of high yielding varieties. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused respectively by gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), are two important diseases affecting rice production worldwide. INTRODUCTION Bacterial plant pathogens reduce the yield of many important crops of global importance, including rice, tomatoes, peppers and citrus. Bacterial Panicle BlightBacterial Panicle Blight Bacterial panicle blight, caused by the bacteria Burkhold-eria glumae and gladioli, is one of the most important diseases of rice in the South. This article is a list of diseases of wheat (Triticum spp.) Pale yellow-whitish streaks of bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryze pv. Bacterial blight (BB) is a vascular disease of rice, caused by strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Administration générale de la coopération au développement. Pests and diseases of Rice (a) Important Pest Stage Pests Control measures Nursery Stem-borer, gall midge, thrips, root-knot nematode, root nematode and white tip nematode For insect-pests and nematodes, apply Phorate 10 G @ 12.5 kg/ha or Fipronil 0.3 G @ 33 kg/ha of nursery, 5 to 7 days Rice blast and bacterial blight are primary destructive diseases that badly affect not only rice production but also rice quality. Bacterial leaf blight of rice, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. 3 2.1. Bacterial blight is one of major disease of rice in Kerala caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Bacterial blight is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Bacterial blight is one of the most serious diseases of rice. oryzae(Xoo) (Figure 1). Use Return to main page link to start over.) 2. Approxi-mately 42 genes conferring resistance against various races of Xoo have been identified in both cultivated and wild relatives of rice [14]. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most destructive diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. It is caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae and … Sci. On seedlings, infected leaves turn greyish green in colour and roll up. Tomato in rotation with rice was also effective in reducing R. solanacearum populations in Taiwan (Michel et al., 1996). The xa13 gene encoding a Rice leaf blight, which is a devastating disease worldwide, is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Front. Unfortunately, the bacterial leaf blight pathogen exists with a very high degree of race-cultivar specificity (Niño-Liu et al., 2006). Acad. Plant Sci. Breeders have played a major role in developing resistant rice varieties against the BLB infection which has been adjudged to be a major disease causing significant yield reduction in rice. oryzae (Xoo) and is a reason for severe damage to rice crop in Kerala. Seed and Seedling: Water Mold (Achlya spp. major diseases of rice namely, rice blast caused by the heterothallic ascomycete Magnaporthe oryzae and bacterial blight (BB) disease caused by the gram negative bacterial pathogen Xan-thomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo),arepervasivegloballyandimpede rice productivity to the tune of 50–90% [1–6]. bacterial spot (6,8,13), bacterial blight of geranium (7), Xanthomo-nas leaf blight of onion (12), and citrus bacterial spot (5). One of the most serious bacterial diseases of rice in Africa and Asia is bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Diseased rice leaves were photographed at 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Rice bacterial leaf blight disease caused by Xanthomo-nas oryzae pv. Antibiotics, Agrimycin 100, Agrimycin 500, Agric. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by the rod-shaped bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. in which Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Terramycin 17, A.S. 50 and Streptocycline, and fungicides, Brestanol, Fytolan and Vitavax, were evaluated under field conditions for control of bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae.Agric. Materials Analytical reagents CuSO 4.5H 2O (99.99%),NH 3 (30%), and N 2H 4.H O (80%) were obtained from Merck, German. Pyramiding three bacterial blight resistance genes (xa5, xa13 and Xa21) using marker-assisted selection into indica rice cultivar PR106. Materials and Methods Bacterial strains and culture. Marker assisted selection (MAS) can help in screening more efficiently for the presence or absence of resistant genes. Photo 3. The estimated yield lossdue toBB undersevere infectionvaries from … Boost your yield with the mobile crop doctor! 1348 - … Yunnan Province is regarded as … Bacterial blight in rice is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. The cultivation of rice is constrained by biotic and abiotic factors. Brown spot of rice • This disease is also referred to as fungal blight • This disease is the principal cause of the famous Bengal Famine in 1942-43 Symptoms • Brown colour, round to oval spots appear on the leaf and leaf sheath • In severe case the spots coalesce to form large patches of withered tissues BPB is caused by the simultaneous occurrence of high daily minimum temperatures (~22°C) and relative humidity (~77%), which may increase under the … o Once the bacterium enters the water pore or any opening on the leaf, it multiply in vessel in which it open. 2. The rice bacterial blight resistance gene xa5 encodes a novel form of disease resistance Mol. oryzae, as it appears in the field. Wilt severity in tomato was reduced by a rotation system using maize, okra, cowpea or resistant tomato. against bacterial blight of rice, thaumatin-like protein gene overexpressed transgenic rice was prepared and analyzed through proteomic approach. oryzae is one of most destructive and oldest diseases of rice recorded in the world. Plant Sci. Bacterial Panicle Blight (BPB), caused by Burkholderia glumae, is a bacterial disease in rice (Oryza sativa) that reduces rice yield and quality for producers and consequently creates higher market prices for consumers. Bacterial blight is the most common bacterial producing regions of the world. Here, we report the complete genome of P. ananatis strain TZ39 identified as causative agent of a new bacterial blight of rice emerged in China in 2020. The occurrence of three main rice diseases on multi-genotype varieties in different rice-planting regions. Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Bacterial leaf blight of rice. However, zinc thiazole is highly insoluble in water and in most organic solvents. Developments of resistant cultivars are the most economic and effective strategy to control these diseases. oryzae (Xoo) is widely prevalent and causes Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in Basmati rice grown in different areas of Pakistan. (b) For the virulence assay, conidial suspensions of Guy11 and the nine selected gene mutants were suspended to a concentration of 5 × 10 4 spores ml −1 and sprayed onto 2-wk-old rice seedlings. The disease is extremely serious worldwide and has emerged as a major problem in irrigated crops in the Sahel. He also authored a manual entitled, "Plant Bacteriology" and a text book entitled, "Phytopathogenic Procaryotes and Plant Diseases" published by Scientific Publishers (India). Wild hosts maintain the Six pyramided lines & Cyperus rotundus) Favorable conditions for the pathogen oryzae (Ishiyama) Swing et. The first time reported in Japan in 1881 as an endemic disease. oryzae ( Xoo ), secretes one or more of six known transcription-activator-like effectors (TALes) that bind specific promoter sequences and induce, at minimum, one of the three host sucrose transporter genes SWEET11 , SWEET13 and SWEET14 , the expression of … Bacterial panicle blight is a major disease of rice that tends to develop during hot, dry weather. Citation: Xiao X, Wang R, Khaskhali S, Gao Z, Guo W, Wang H, Niu X, He C, Yu X and Chen Y (2022) A Novel Glycerol Kinase Gene OsNHO1 Regulates Resistance to Bacterial Blight and Blast Diseases in Rice. Natl. As a model disease, the significant progress has been made in past few years on different aspects and levels of research on this disease. grouped by causative agent. In the current study, we took advantage of CRISPR/Cas9 technology to edit three known broad-spectrum blast resistant genes Bsr-d1 , Pi21 as well as ERF922 in a very high efficiency to generate each single and triple mutant in T 0 … Thai Indigenous Lowland Rice Germplasms: Sources of Bacterial Blight Disease Resistance and Agronomic Attributes Bacterial blight (BB) has caused significant reductions in yield and quality of rice. Genetic analysis for resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. • The disease was first reported from Japan in 1881. oryzae (Xoo), secretes one or more … Bacterial diseases; Bacterial blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and provides insight, both practical and basic, into the concepts of susceptibility and resistance. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a valuable resource for understanding the complex processes controlling yield and value-added traits. J. ISSAAS Vol. Bacterial leaf blight: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Current Status and Future Prospects of Research on Bacterial Blight of Rice T W Mew Annual Review of Phytopathology Insect Tissue Cultures as Tools in Plant Virus Research L M Black Annual Review of Phytopathology Novel Insights into Rice Innate Immunity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens Wende Liu, Jinling Liu, Lindsay Triplett, Jan E. Leach, and Guo-Liang Wang SUMMARY: Bacterial leaf blight of rice kills seedlings and destroys the leaves of older plants. It was first time reported farmers of fukuoka area of Japan in 1884-1885 (Yamanuki et al., 1962: Tagami and Mizukami, 1962). Disease indexes of rice blast (a), rice false smut (b) and rice bacterial blight (c). 12:800625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800625 BLB is one of the oldest Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli (Severin) Yabuchi, et al. There is a need to use environmentally safe approaches to overcome the loss of grain yield in rice due to this disease. )Seedling Blight (Various Fungi) The use of genetically resistant cultivars has proven to be one of the most effective methods used to address this problem. Phyto-pathology 93:147-152. ... rice diseases it is important to understand some frequently used terms. In the final stage of infection, milky bacterial ooze can be observed dripping from the leaves. Bacterial leaf blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens constantly threaten the rice production and lead to enormous yield losses. These cultivars were divided into two groups based on their reactions to Philippine races of bacterial blight. Rice tungro disease : Rice tungro virus (RTSV, RTBV) Symptom of Damage: Plants affected by tungro exhibit stunting and reduced tillering. oryzae. Bar, 10 μm. So for, thirty resistance genes for Bacterial Blight have been identified and utilized in rice breeding programs. Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in 21 cultivars of rice. Pest, Diseases, Weeds of Rice & Their Management 1. • In India, the disease was first reported in 1951 from Bombay. Contributors. ). Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) reported as economically important disease in tropical Asia also (Mew, 1987 and 1989). The disease was known to occur in epidemic proportions in many parts of the world, incurring severe crop loss of up to 50 per cent. Six multi-genotype varieties (DJX6, GD18, GY1, YQ1, YQ6, NBN) were used for field experiments during 2015–2017. oryzae) of 21 rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars was carried out. Read Paper. Xanthomonas is a widespread bacterial genus that contains Outbreaks of BLB usually occur in irrigated and rain-fed lowland ecologies throughout Asia. Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. A total of 27 yellow-pigmented bacterial isolates representing rice fields of Andaman Islands incited blight on the susceptible-rice cultivar, C14-8. This complete genome of 330 - 341 Article Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY.pdf. (Mew et al. 2: 14-21 (2018) 14 MODIFIED KAPPA CARRAGEENAN AS INDUCER OF RESISTANCE IN RICE AGAINST BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT Rizaldo G. Bayot1, Gil L. Magsino1*, Jerald N. Bayot1, Majella M. Magallona1, Liza Lorena E. Eustaquio1 and Lucille V. Abad2 1National Crop Protection Center, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the … Adukkan, Ayiramkana, Chennellu, Chomala, Gandhakasala, Kayma, Valichoori, Veliyan and Thondi were the local rice varieties in North Kerala used for finding out the susceptibility of Xoo. Antibiotics, Agrimycin 100, Agrimycin 500, Agric. Plant Diseases Caused by Bacteria - NARRATIVES Bacterial Blight of Rice Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae Hosts: Rice (Oryza sativa) and related rice species (Oryza australiensis, Oryza coarctata, Oryza jeyporensis, Oryza malampuzhaensis), Oryza officinalis, Oryza perennis, and Oryza rufipogon); wild rice (Zizania aquatica and Zizania latifolia); various weed species in the oryzae (Xoo) reported as economically important disease in tropical Asia also (Mew, 1987 and 1989). Bacterial leaf blight interacts with rice in a gene—for gene manner, which makes it on ideal model for studying plantthogen interactions [—pa 6,7]. In the present study, 31 accessions of O. glaberrima were screened for BB resistance consecutively for four seasons and identified 28 stable BB resistant accessions with a mean lesion length of < 3cm. International Rice Research Institute, Belgium. BIOL 1020 - CHAPTER 1 LECTURE NOTES Rice bacterial blight and Citrus canker January 26, 2020 by … Materials and methods 2.1. Rice, species of wild rice (Oryza sativa, O. rufipogon, O. australiensis), and graminaceous weeds, Leersia oryzoides and Zizania latifolia in temperate regions and Leptochloa spp. Bacterial Blight [Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Losses include reduced yields and poor milling with loss estimates ranging from a trace to 70 per-cent. Bacterial blight is a major disease of rice. Markers were generated that are linked to the rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa7 Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of a segregating, near-isogenic F 3 population of IR24 × IRBB7 revealed one polymorphic fragment, M1, which was mapped to position 107.3 centimorgans (cM) on the Rice Genome Research Program (RGP) map. oryzae (Xoo) affects rice growth and yield. The disease is observed in both seedlings and older plants. This trait can help to distinguish this disease from the damage caused by some stem borers. Introduction Host plant:- Rice Causal organism:-Xanthomonas oryzae. The mode of inheritance and allelic relationships of the genes for resistance to bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson, in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars ‘IR20’, ‘IR22’, and breeding lines ‘IR1529-680-3’, ‘IR1545-284’, and ‘RP291-7’ were studied. Photo 2. oryzae (Xoo) is widely prevalent and causes Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) in Basmati rice grown in different areas of Pakistan. oryzae (Xoo) is a serious threat in major rice growing regions of Asia, particularly in Zinc thiazole is a novel bactericide and has been applied for BB control for 10 years. The bacterial leaf blight exhibits symptoms like basal chlorosis and withering of the leaves. Bacterial leaf blight, caused by the Gram negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. cloned a gene that can address both problems (see the Perspective by Wulff and Jones). This Paper. This article is a list of diseases of rice (Oryza sativa). Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most serious production constraints of rice worldwide.Besides the economic importance of the disease, the rice-Xoo system serves as an excellent model for studying host-pathogen interactions because the genomes of both interacting partners are sequenced and there is … 4. Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli (Severin) Yabuchi, et al. Bacterial leaf blight has the potential to become a destructive bacterial disease of rice in Pakistan and can cause huge losses mainly because of the lack of information regarding the pathogen and its effective measure of control (Waheed et al., 2009). resistance to bacterial blight, it is critical to explore and Treatment with IAA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid identify the new resistant resources to control the (2, 4-D; an analog of IAA) in rice resistant to various changeful races (Xia et al., 2012).Since the chemical types of bacterial blight significantly stimulates control is not effective, the utilization of resistant … Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by Gram-negative proteobacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Keywords: bacterial blight, , OsTFIIAγ1, Oryza sativa susceptibility, transcription activator-like effector, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Bacterial blight of rice . Cultivation of the resistant rice varieties has been proven as an environment-friendly and effective approach to address this problem. Singh, S. et al. Citrus blight, caused by an unknown agent, infects all citrus scions. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. A functioning TTSS is essential for Bacterial blight (BB) disease of rice caused by X. oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) limits rice yield in all major rice-growing regions of the world especially in irrigated lowland and rainfed conditions.The estimated yield loss due to BB under severe infection varies from 50 to 80% in tropical Asia (Khush & Ogawa, Reference Khush and Ogawa 1989). In early studies showed that the bacterial leaf blight disease was a 95, pp. Title: PlantDisease77n01_5.pdf Created Date: 7/24/2006 2:06:04 PM oryzae = X. campestris pv. Rice is the most widely consumed food crop and is thesecond largest cereal crop after maize. oryzae (Xoo) has become one of the most devastating diseases for rice. ZTS were sterilized and incubated at 25 °C in growth chamber on the modified From the assembly of the genome of Thinopyrum elongatum, a wild relative of wheat used in breeding programs to improve cultivated wheat, Wang et al. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swing et al.] Front. Recently, it has also been reported from East Africa. significantly suppress the development of bacterial panicle blight caused by B. glumae under field conditions [ 134 ]. Neem oil 60 EC 3% (or) NSKE 5% is recommended for the control of sheath rot, sheath blight, grain discolouration and bacterial blight ; Top. Appl. The encoded glutathione S … Distribution Except for Maharashtra, where the endemic area was estimated to be about 0.5 per cent of a total of 1,885,099 acres (Anonymous, 1964), no survey has been made to estimate the after a few minutes, hold the container against light and observe for thick or turbid liquid coming from the cut end of the leaf Bacterial blight is one of the most serious diseases of rice. The earlier the disease occurs, the higher the yield loss. oryzae (Xoo).The upregulated by transcription activator-like 1 (UPT) effector box in the promoter region of the rice Xa13 gene plays a key role in Xoo pathogenicity. Losses include reduced yield and milling, and losses reported in commercial rice fields vary from a trace to as high as 70 percent. Losses include reduced yield and milling, and losses reported in commercial rice fields vary from a trace to as high as 70 percent. Bacterial blight is among the important and oldest rice diseases known to cause yield losses. Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922, Swings et al, 1990) (Bacteria, Xanthomonadaceae) Primary hosts . o Irrigation water & splashing or windblown rain can disseminate the bacterium from plant to plant. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.), caused by season (June-November) and the 1976 dry season (Janu-Nanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda and Ishiyama) Dowson, has recently ary-May), N levels of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg/ha were tested. Scant information is available on the occurrence of this disease in other countries. However, infected seedlings become reddish brown and desiccated. Bacterial blight (BB) disease of rice caused by X.oryzae pv. Leaf blight symptom can occur at all stages of rice plants. analysis of rice in response to bacterial blight Yuxuan Hou1, Jiehua Qiu1, Xiaohong Tong1, Xiangjin Wei1, Babi R. Nallamilli2, Weihuai Wu3, Shiwen Huang1* and Jian Zhang1* Abstract Background: Rice is a major crop worldwide. The onset of bacterial wilt was delayed by 1-3 weeks and wilt severity was reduced by 20-26% (Adhikari and Basnyat, 1998). Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. 1. Photo 1. Several Bacillus spp. Swarna is a very popular high yielding variety in India but highly susceptible to the disease. Bacterial diseases. oryzae: Bacterial leaf streak Xanthomonas oryzae pv. , 242 ( 2016 ) , pp. The assembled genome is consisted of one circular chromosome of 4, 483,976 bp, and two plasmids of 135,135, and 276,579 bp. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) 3 and results in huge losses in grain yield. This research is significant as it is able to create an environmental-friendly protocol to deal with rice bacterial blight instead of using toxic chemical insecticides. Diagnosis of plant disease is the identification of specific plant Bacterial blight (BB) of rice, caused by the γ-proteobacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (Xoo), is among the most damaging diseases in a wide range of South Asian rice-producing areas and also poses a threat in some African countries (Niño-Liu et al., 2006). Bacterial blight of rice is a vascular disease caused by Xan-thomonas oryzae pv. A field assessment of bacterial leaf blight of rice, during cropping season of 2005-2007 in all Reduction in rice yield may be as high 50% was also recorded, when the crop was severely infected. Aim. In light of this context, bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak are said to have reduced Asia’s annual rice production as much as 60% alone. Theor. oryzae (Xoo) resulted in severe yield losses, especially in Asia and Africa [12, 13]. The earlier the disease occurs, the higher the yield loss. 12:800625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800625 Bacterial Blight of Rice 7. o A severe impairment of grain development and consequent increase with panicle sterility. al. Rice cultivars, Jyothi and IR50, which are high yielding but highly prone to bacterial blight (BB) caused by pathogen populations of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Pythium spp. History. Protein Elicitor EsxA Induces Resistance to Seedling Blight and PR Genes Differential Transcription in Rice Protein elicitors can induce plant systemic resistance to pathogens. Five of , 17 ( 2004 ) , pp. To investigate the genetic and pathogenic variability of Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae causing bacterial blight in rice on the remote Andaman Islands, India.. Methods and Results. Blight: Means burnt appurtenance. These drops can later dry up and leave a white crust. With severe Abstract. Diseases have historically been one of the major causes of rice shortages. Here, we isolated naturally occurring phages and investigated their ability to suppress the disease-causing bacteria under study in the germination of rice seed. Oryzae (Xoo) is the main yield limiting factor amongst the diseases of rice in India. Bacterial blight is especially prevalent in irrigated and rainfed lowland rice areas in Asia. 2nd International Conference on Bacterial Blight of Rice 1 PREFACE The 2nd International Conference on Bacterial Blight of Rice (ICBB) is held in Nanjing China from October 1 to 3, 2007. Severe dam­ age has been caused annually since then. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused respectively by gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae, showing wavy margins. Bacterial blight of rice is an important disease in Asia and Africa. including rice worldwide. There is a need to use environmentally safe approaches to overcome the loss of grain yield in rice due to this disease. Bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo) is one of the major diseases affecting rice production. Droplets oozing from infected rice leaves, containing Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Bacterial blight (BB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is a serious disease throughout the rice growing world. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. The disease is estimated to cause annual rice production losses of 20–30 percent throughout rice-growing countries in Asia. integrated disease management program for bacterial 5]. Materials and methods Preparation of transgenic rice: Dehusked mature seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. a DST funded research scheme "Biological control of bacterial blight, sheath blight, sheath rot, and brown leaf spot of rice" from 1999 to 2002. Develop during hot, dry weather into two groups based on their reactions Philippine. Variety in India, the higher the yield of many important crops of global,. Main yield limiting factor amongst the diseases of rice in India Xoo ) and insight. Worldwide, is a significant disease in most rice cultivation areas of many important crops global... 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